[ARCHIVE] Mediterranean Sea Mean Sea Level time series and trend from Observations Reprocessing
'''This product has been archived'''
For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu
'''DEFINITION'''
The ocean monitoring indicator of regional mean sea level is derived from the DUACS delayed-time (DT-2021 version) altimeter gridded maps of sea level anomalies based on a stable number of altimeters (two) in the satellite constellation. These products are distributed by the Copernicus Climate Change Service and the Copernicus Marine Service (SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_CLIMATE_L4_MY_008_057).
The mean sea level evolution estimated in the Mediterranean Sea is derived from the average of the gridded sea level maps weighted by the cosine of the latitude. The annual and semi-annual periodic signals are removed (least square fit of sinusoidal function) and the time series is low-pass filtered (175 days cut-off). The curve is corrected for the regional mean effect of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) using the ICE5G-VM2 GIA model (Peltier, 2004).
During 1993-1998, the Global men sea level (hereafter GMSL) has been known to be affected by a TOPEX-A instrumental drift (WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group, 2018; Legeais et al., 2020). This drift led to overestimate the trend of the GMSL during the first 6 years of the altimetry record (about 0.04 mm/y at global scale over the whole altimeter period). A correction of the drift is proposed for the Global mean sea level (Legeais et al., 2020). Whereas this TOPEX-A instrumental drift should also affect the regional mean sea level (hereafter RMSL) trend estimation, this empirical correction is currently not applied to the altimeter sea level dataset and resulting estimated for RMSL. Indeed, the pertinence of the global correction applied at regional scale has not been demonstrated yet and there is no clear consensus achieved on the way to proceed at regional scale. Additionally, the estimate of such a correction at regional scale is not obvious, especially in areas where few accurate independent measurements (e.g. in situ)- necessary for this estimation - are available. The trend uncertainty is provided in a 90% confidence interval (Prandi et al., 2021). This estimate only considers errors related to the altimeter observation system (i.e., orbit determination errors, geophysical correction errors and inter-mission bias correction errors). The presence of the interannual signal can strongly influence the trend estimation considering to the altimeter period considered (Wang et al., 2021; Cazenave et al., 2014). The uncertainty linked to this effect is not taken into account.
'''CONTEXT'''
The indicator on area averaged sea level is a crucial index of climate change, and individual components contribute to sea level rise, including expansion due to ocean warming and melting of glaciers and ice sheets (WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group, 2018). According to the recent IPCC 6th assessment report, global mean sea level (GMSL) increased by 0.20 (0.15 to 0.25) m over the period 1901 to 2018 with a rate 25 of rise that has accelerated since the 1960s to 3.7 (3.2 to 4.2) mm yr-1 for the period 2006–2018. Human activity was very likely the main driver of observed GMSL rise since 1970 (IPCC WGII, 2021). The weight of the different contributions evolves with time and in the recent decades the mass change has increased, contributing to the on-going acceleration of the GMSL trend (IPCC, 2022a; Legeais et al., 2020; Horwath et al., 2022). At regional scale, sea level does not change homogenously, and RMSL rise can also be influenced by various other processes, with different spatial and temporal scales, such as local ocean dynamic, atmospheric forcing, Earth gravity and vertical land motion changes (IPCC WGI, 2021). Rising sea level can strongly affect population and infrastructures in coastal areas, increase their vulnerability and risks for food security, particularly in low lying areas and island states. Adverse impacts from floods, storms and tropical cyclones with related losses and damages have increased due to sea level rise, and increase their vulnerability and increase risks for food security, particularly in low lying areas and island states (IPCC, 2022b). Adaptation and mitigation measures such as the restoration of mangroves and coastal wetlands, reduce the risks from sea level rise (IPCC, 2022c).
Beside a clear long-term trend, the regional mean sea level variation in the Mediterranean Sea shows an important interannual variability, with a high trend observed before 1999 and lower values afterward. This variability is associated with a variation of the different forcing. Steric effect has been the most important forcing before 1999 (Fenoglio-Marc, 2002; Vigo et al., 2005). Important change of the deep-water formation site also occurred in 1995. The latest is preconditioned by an important change of the sea surface circulation observed in the Ionian Sea in 1997-1998 (e.g. Gačić et al., 2011), under the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phases (Incarbona et al., 2016). They may also impact the sea level trend in the basin (Vigo et al., 2005). In 2010-2011, high regional mean sea level has been related to enhanced water mass exchange at Gibraltar, under the influence of wind forcing during the negative phase of NAO (Landerer and Volkov, 2013).
'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''
Over the [1993/01/01, 2021/08/02] period, the basin-wide RMSL in the Mediterranean Sea rises at a rate of 2.7 0.83 mm/year.
'''DOI (product):'''
Simple
- Title
-
[ARCHIVE] Mediterranean Sea Mean Sea Level time series and trend from Observations Reprocessing
- Alternate title
-
MEDSEA_OMI_SL_area_averaged_anomalies
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-11-28
- Edition
-
3.4
- Edition date
- 2023-03-30
- Citation identifier
- a78600a4-a280-47b5-8ddd-0dc8b5e9c9d9
- Abstract
-
'''This product has been archived'''
For operationnal and online products, please visit https://marine.copernicus.eu
'''DEFINITION'''
The ocean monitoring indicator of regional mean sea level is derived from the DUACS delayed-time (DT-2021 version) altimeter gridded maps of sea level anomalies based on a stable number of altimeters (two) in the satellite constellation. These products are distributed by the Copernicus Climate Change Service and the Copernicus Marine Service (SEALEVEL_GLO_PHY_CLIMATE_L4_MY_008_057).
The mean sea level evolution estimated in the Mediterranean Sea is derived from the average of the gridded sea level maps weighted by the cosine of the latitude. The annual and semi-annual periodic signals are removed (least square fit of sinusoidal function) and the time series is low-pass filtered (175 days cut-off). The curve is corrected for the regional mean effect of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) using the ICE5G-VM2 GIA model (Peltier, 2004).
During 1993-1998, the Global men sea level (hereafter GMSL) has been known to be affected by a TOPEX-A instrumental drift (WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group, 2018; Legeais et al., 2020). This drift led to overestimate the trend of the GMSL during the first 6 years of the altimetry record (about 0.04 mm/y at global scale over the whole altimeter period). A correction of the drift is proposed for the Global mean sea level (Legeais et al., 2020). Whereas this TOPEX-A instrumental drift should also affect the regional mean sea level (hereafter RMSL) trend estimation, this empirical correction is currently not applied to the altimeter sea level dataset and resulting estimated for RMSL. Indeed, the pertinence of the global correction applied at regional scale has not been demonstrated yet and there is no clear consensus achieved on the way to proceed at regional scale. Additionally, the estimate of such a correction at regional scale is not obvious, especially in areas where few accurate independent measurements (e.g. in situ)- necessary for this estimation - are available. The trend uncertainty is provided in a 90% confidence interval (Prandi et al., 2021). This estimate only considers errors related to the altimeter observation system (i.e., orbit determination errors, geophysical correction errors and inter-mission bias correction errors). The presence of the interannual signal can strongly influence the trend estimation considering to the altimeter period considered (Wang et al., 2021; Cazenave et al., 2014). The uncertainty linked to this effect is not taken into account.
'''CONTEXT'''
The indicator on area averaged sea level is a crucial index of climate change, and individual components contribute to sea level rise, including expansion due to ocean warming and melting of glaciers and ice sheets (WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group, 2018). According to the recent IPCC 6th assessment report, global mean sea level (GMSL) increased by 0.20 (0.15 to 0.25) m over the period 1901 to 2018 with a rate 25 of rise that has accelerated since the 1960s to 3.7 (3.2 to 4.2) mm yr-1 for the period 2006–2018. Human activity was very likely the main driver of observed GMSL rise since 1970 (IPCC WGII, 2021). The weight of the different contributions evolves with time and in the recent decades the mass change has increased, contributing to the on-going acceleration of the GMSL trend (IPCC, 2022a; Legeais et al., 2020; Horwath et al., 2022). At regional scale, sea level does not change homogenously, and RMSL rise can also be influenced by various other processes, with different spatial and temporal scales, such as local ocean dynamic, atmospheric forcing, Earth gravity and vertical land motion changes (IPCC WGI, 2021). Rising sea level can strongly affect population and infrastructures in coastal areas, increase their vulnerability and risks for food security, particularly in low lying areas and island states. Adverse impacts from floods, storms and tropical cyclones with related losses and damages have increased due to sea level rise, and increase their vulnerability and increase risks for food security, particularly in low lying areas and island states (IPCC, 2022b). Adaptation and mitigation measures such as the restoration of mangroves and coastal wetlands, reduce the risks from sea level rise (IPCC, 2022c).
Beside a clear long-term trend, the regional mean sea level variation in the Mediterranean Sea shows an important interannual variability, with a high trend observed before 1999 and lower values afterward. This variability is associated with a variation of the different forcing. Steric effect has been the most important forcing before 1999 (Fenoglio-Marc, 2002; Vigo et al., 2005). Important change of the deep-water formation site also occurred in 1995. The latest is preconditioned by an important change of the sea surface circulation observed in the Ionian Sea in 1997-1998 (e.g. Gačić et al., 2011), under the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) phases (Incarbona et al., 2016). They may also impact the sea level trend in the basin (Vigo et al., 2005). In 2010-2011, high regional mean sea level has been related to enhanced water mass exchange at Gibraltar, under the influence of wind forcing during the negative phase of NAO (Landerer and Volkov, 2013).
'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''
Over the [1993/01/01, 2021/08/02] period, the basin-wide RMSL in the Mediterranean Sea rises at a rate of 2.7 0.83 mm/year.
'''DOI (product):'''
- Credit
-
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information
- Point of contact
-
Organisation name Individual name Electronic mail address Role SL-CLS-TOULOUSE-FR
Yannice Faugère
Production center SL-CLS-TOULOUSE-FR
Françoise MERTZ
Product manager SL-CLS-TOULOUSE-FR
SL-CLS-TOULOUSE-FR
Local service desk SL-CLS-TOULOUSE-FR
Jean-François Legeais
Production Unit MOI-OMI-SERVICE
MOI-OMI-SERVICE
Dissemination Unit
- Maintenance and update frequency
- Annually
- Other
-
P0M0D0H/P0M0D0H
- Maintenance note
-
N/A
- Maintenance and update frequency
- Quarterly
-
GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0
- Use limitation
-
See Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Data commitments and licence at: http://marine.copernicus.eu/web/27-service-commitments-and-licence.php
- Access constraints
- Other restrictions
- Use constraints
- License
- Other legal constraints
-
No limitations on public access
- Title
-
Cazenave, A., Dieng, H.-B., Meyssignac, B., von Schuckmann, K., Decharme, B., and Berthier, E.: The rate of sea-level rise, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 358–361, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2159, 2014.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Fenoglio-Marc, L.: Long-term sea level change in the Mediterranean Sea from multi-satellite altimetry and tide gauges, Phys. Chem. Earth Parts ABC, 27, 1419–1431, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00084-0, 2002.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Gačić, M., Civitarese, G., Eusebi Borzelli, G. L., Kovačević, V., Poulain, P.-M., Theocharis, A., Menna, M., Catucci, A., and Zarokanellos, N.: On the relationship between the decadal oscillations of the northern Ionian Sea and the salinity distributions in the eastern Mediterranean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 116, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007280, 2011.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Horwath, M., Gutknecht, B. D., Cazenave, A., Palanisamy, H. K., Marti, F., Marzeion, B., Paul, F., Le Bris, R., Hogg, A. E., Otosaka, I., Shepherd, A., Döll, P., Cáceres, D., Müller Schmied, H., Johannessen, J. A., Nilsen, J. E. Ø., Raj, R. P., Forsberg, R., Sandberg Sørensen, L., Barletta, V. R., Simonsen, S. B., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O. B., Ranndal, H., Rose, S. K., Merchant, C. J., Macintosh, C. R., von Schuckmann, K., Novotny, K., Groh, A., Restano, M., and Benveniste, J.: Global sea-level budget and ocean-mass budget, with a focus on advanced data products and uncertainty characterisation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 411–447, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-411-2022, 2022.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 24399cda-5e1e-4e66-ab8d-b91f33f2ff14
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Document
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 4697158e-924e-40f8-9ae8-20ff47415b6f
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Document
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 2b5d1c5a-b0b2-4936-b35e-48808fa2ab6a
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Document
- Title
-
Incarbona, A., Martrat, B., Mortyn, P. G., Sprovieri, M., Ziveri, P., Gogou, A., Jordà, G., Xoplaki, E., Luterbacher, J., Langone, L., Marino, G., Rodríguez-Sanz, L., Triantaphyllou, M., Di Stefano, E., Grimalt, J. O., Tranchida, G., Sprovieri, R., and Mazzola, S.: Mediterranean circulation perturbations over the last five centuries: Relevance to past Eastern Mediterranean Transient-type events, Sci. Rep., 6, 29623, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep29623, 2016.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
IPCC: AR6 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2022, 2022a.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, M. Tignor, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem (eds.)]. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)], 2022b.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
IPCC: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)], , https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.001, 2022c.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
IPCC WGI: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
IPCC WGII: Climate Change 2021: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Summary for Policemakers. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Landerer, F. W. and Volkov, D. L.: The anatomy of recent large sea level fluctuations in the Mediterranean Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 553–557, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50140, 2013.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Legeais, J. F., Llowel, W., Melet, A., and Meyssignac, B.: Evidence of the TOPEX-A altimeter instrumental anomaly and acceleration of the global mean sea level, Copernic. Mar. Serv. Ocean State Rep. Issue 4, 13, s77–s82, https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2021.1946240, 2020.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Peltier, W. R.: GLOBAL GLACIAL ISOSTASY AND THE SURFACE OF THE ICE-AGE EARTH: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 111–149, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359, 2004.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Prandi, P., Meyssignac, B., Ablain, M., Spada, G., Ribes, A., and Benveniste, J.: Local sea level trends, accelerations and uncertainties over 1993–2019, Sci. Data, 8, 1, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00786-7, 2021.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Vigo, I., Garcia, D., and Chao, B. F.: Change of sea level trend in the Mediterranean and Black seas, J. Mar. Res., 63, 1085–1100, https://doi.org/10.1357/002224005775247607, 2005.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Wang, J., Church, J. A., Zhang, X., and Chen, X.: Reconciling global mean and regional sea level change in projections and observations, Nat. Commun., 12, 990, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21265-6, 2021.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group: Global sea-level budget 1993–present, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 1551–1590, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018, 2018.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Language
-
eng
- Topic category
-
- Oceans
- Description
-
bounding box
))
- Begin date
- 1993-01-01
Vertical extent
- Minimum value
- 0
- Maximum value
- 0
Vertical CRS
- Supplemental Information
-
display priority: 53800
- Codespace
-
EPSG
- Number of dimensions
- 2
- Dimension name
- Row
- Dimension name
- Column
- Cell geometry
- Area
- Transformation parameter availability
- Distribution format
-
Name Version NetCDF-4
Distributor
- Hierarchy level
- Series
Conformance result
- Title
-
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1089/2010 of 23 November 2010 implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards interoperability of spatial data sets and services
- Date (Publication)
- 2010-12-08
- Explanation
-
See the referenced specification
- Statement
-
The myOcean products depends on other products for production or validation. The detailed list of dependencies is given in ISO19115's aggregationInfo (ISO19139 Xpath = "gmd:MD_Metadata/gmd:identificationInfo/gmd:aggregationInfo[./gmd:MD_AggregateInformation/gmd:initiativeType/gmd:DS_InitiativeTypeCode/@codeListValue='upstream-validation' or 'upstream-production']")
- Attribute description
- observation
- Content type
- Physical measurement
- Descriptor
-
vertical level number: 1
- Descriptor
-
temporal resolution: pluri-annual mean
- Included with dataset
- Feature types
- Point series
Metadata
- File identifier
- 14f8f98a-19ed-46b0-bedf-83a8bf61d546
- Metadata language
- English
- Character set
- UTF8
- Hierarchy level
- Series
- Hierarchy level name
-
Copernicus Marine Service product specification
- Date stamp
- 2023-11-13T12:20:05.471Z
- Metadata standard name
-
ISO 19139, MyOcean profile
- Metadata standard version
-
0.2
- Metadata author
-
Organisation name Individual name Electronic mail address Role CMEMS
Local service desk
accessData
Overviews
)))