Title

Iberia Biscay Ireland Coastal Upwelling Index from Reanalysis

Alternate title

IBI_OMI_CURRENTS_cui

Date (Creation)

2018-02-12

Edition

3.4

Edition date

2023-03-30

Citation identifier

ef932fc0-04e7-4a25-b7b2-08a2d85d4039

Abstract

'''DEFINITION'''

The Coastal Upwelling Index (CUI) is computed along the African and the Iberian Peninsula coasts. For each latitudinal point from 27°N to 42°N the Coastal Upwelling Index is defined as the temperature difference between the maximum and minimum temperature in a range of distance from the coast up to 3.5º westwards.

〖CUI〗_lat=max⁡(T_lat )-min⁡(T_lat)

A high Coastal Upwelling Index indicates intense upwelling conditions.

The index is computed from the following Copernicus Marine products:

IBI-MYP: IBI_MULTIYEAR_PHY_005_002 (1993-2019)

IBI-NRT: IBI_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHYS_005_001 (2020 onwards)

'''CONTEXT'''

Coastal upwelling process occurs along coastlines as the result of deflection of the oceanic water away from the shore. Such deflection is produced by Ekman transport induced by persistent winds parallel to the coastline (Sverdrup, 1938). When this transported water is forced, the mass balance is maintained by pumping of ascending intermediate water. This water is typically denser, cooler and richer in nutrients. The Iberia-Biscay-Ireland domain contains two well-documented Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems, they are hosted under the same system known as Canary Current Upwelling System (Fraga, 1981; Hempel, 1982). This system is one of the major coastal upwelling regions of the world and it is produced by the eastern closure of the Subtropical Gyre. The North West African (NWA) coast presents an intense upwelling region that extends from Morocco to south of Senegal, likewise the western coast of the Iberian Peninsula (IP) shows a seasonal upwelling behavior. These two upwelling domains are separated by the presence of the Gulf of Cadiz, where the coastline does not allow the formation of upwelling conditions from 34ºN up to 37ºN.

The Copernicus Marine Service Coastal Upwelling Index is defined following the steps of several previous upwelling indices described in literature. More details and full scientific evaluation can be found in the dedicated section in the first issue of the Copernicus Marine Service Ocean State report (Sotillo et al., 2016).

'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''

The NWA coast (latitudes below 34ºN) shows a quite constantlow variability of the periodicity and the intensity of the upwelling, few periods of upwelling intensifications are found in years 1993-1995, and 2003-2004.

In the IP coast (latitudes higher than 37ºN) the interannual variability is more remarkable showing years with high upwelling activity (1994, 2004, and 2015-2017) followed by periods of lower activity (1996-1998, 2003, 2011, and 2013).

According to the results of the IBI-NRT system, 2020 was a year with weak upwelling in the IP latitudes.

While in the NWA coast the upwelling activity was more intense than the average.

The analysis of trends in the period 1993-2019 shows significant positive trend of the upwelling index in the IP latitudes. This trend implies an increase of temperature differences between the coastal and offshore waters of approximately 0.02 °C/Year.

Note: The key findings will be updated annually in November, in line with OMI evolutions.

'''DOI (product):'''

https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00248

Credit

E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information

Point of contact

Organisation name	Individual name	Electronic mail address	Role
IBI-PUERTOS-MADRID-ES			Production Unit

Maintenance and update frequency

Annually

Other

P0M0D0H/P0M0D0H

Maintenance note

N/A

GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0

• Oceanographic geographical features

Discipline

• numerical-model

Temporal scale

• multi-year

Area of benefit

• marine-safety
• coastal-marine-environment
• marine-resources
• weather-climate-and-seasonal-forecasting

Reference Geographical Areas

• iberian-biscay-irish-seas

Processing level

• N/A

Model assimilation

• Not Applicable

Use limitation

See Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Data commitments and licence at: http://marine.copernicus.eu/web/27-service-commitments-and-licence.php

Access constraints

Other restrictions

Use constraints

License

Other legal constraints

No limitations on public access

Aggregate Datasetindentifier

5780cc11-cba1-474b-a07d-78e187809e24

Association Type

Cross reference

Initiative Type

Document

Title

Fraga F. 1981. Upwelling off the Galician Coast, Northwest Spain. In: Richardson FA, editor. Coastal Upwelling. Washington (DC): Am Geoph Union; p. 176–182.

Date (Creation)

2019-05-08

Association Type

Cross reference

Initiative Type

Reference

Title

Hempel G. 1982. The Canary current: studies of an upwelling system. Introduction. Rapp. Proc. Reun. Cons. Int. Expl. Mer., 180, 7–8.

Date (Creation)

2019-05-08

Association Type

Cross reference

Initiative Type

Reference

Title

Sotillo MG, Levier B, Pascual A, Gonzalez A. 2016 Iberian-Biscay-Irish Sea. In von Scuckmann et al. (2016) The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report, Journal of Operational Oceanography, 9:sup2, s235-s320, DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2016.1273446

Date (Creation)

2019-05-08

Association Type

Cross reference

Initiative Type

Reference

Title

Sverdrup HV. 1938. On the process of upwelling. J Mar Res. 1:155–164.

Date (Creation)

2019-05-08

Association Type

Cross reference

Initiative Type

Reference

Aggregate Datasetindentifier

91fab309-2de3-4cb5-a356-97f7fcfef9a2

Association Type

Cross reference

Initiative Type

Document

Aggregate Datasetindentifier

49287a92-7bb3-41ba-91fb-e86dee73dccc

Association Type

Cross reference

Initiative Type

Document

Language

eng

Topic category

• Oceans

Description

bounding box

Begin date

1993-01-01

End date

2021-08-01

Supplemental Information

display priority: 99999

Codespace

EPSG

Number of dimensions

2

Dimension name

Row

Resolution

0.083  degree

Dimension name

Column

Cell geometry

Area

Transformation parameter availability

Distribution format

Name	Version
NetCDF-4

OnLine resource

Protocol	Linkage	Name
WWW:STAC	https://stac.marine.copernicus.eu/metadata/IBI_OMI_CURRENTS_cui/ibi_omi_currents_cui_index_202112/dataset.stac.json	ibi_omi_currents_cui_index
WWW:STAC	https://stac.marine.copernicus.eu/metadata/IBI_OMI_CURRENTS_cui/ibi_omi_currents_cui_trend_202112/dataset.stac.json	ibi_omi_currents_cui_trend

Hierarchy level

Series

Statement

The myOcean products depends on other products for production or validation. The detailed list of dependencies is given in ISO19115's aggregationInfo (ISO19139 Xpath = "gmd:MD_Metadata/gmd:identificationInfo/gmd:aggregationInfo[./gmd:MD_AggregateInformation/gmd:initiativeType/gmd:DS_InitiativeTypeCode/@codeListValue='upstream-validation' or 'upstream-production']")

Attribute description

observation

Content type

Physical measurement

Descriptor

temporal resolution: monthly mean

Descriptor

vertical level number: 0

Included with dataset

Feature types

Grid

Metadata

File identifier

37f3a702-5a75-4431-9753-213aeb346817

Metadata language

English

Character set

UTF8

Hierarchy level

Series

Hierarchy level name

Copernicus Marine Service product specification

Date stamp

2025-04-14T07:33:05.064548Z

Metadata standard name

ISO 19139, MyOcean profile

Metadata standard version

0.2

Metadata author

Organisation name	Individual name	Electronic mail address	Role
CMEMS		servicedesk.cmems@mercator-ocean.eu	Local service desk