Arctic Sea Ice Extent from Reanalysis
'''DEFINITION'''
Estimates of Arctic sea ice extent are obtained from the surface of oceans grid cells that have at least 15% sea ice concentration. These values are cumulated in the entire Northern Hemisphere (excluding ice lakes) and from 1993 up to the year 2019 aiming to:
i) obtain the Arctic sea ice extent as expressed in millions of km square (106 km2) to monitor both the large-scale variability and mean state and change.
ii) to monitor the change in sea ice extent as expressed in millions of km squared per decade (106 km2/decade), or in sea ice extent loss since the beginning of the time series as expressed in percent per decade (%/decade; reference period being the first date of the key figure b) dot-dashed trend line, Vaughan et al., 2013). These trends are calculated in three ways, i.e. (i) from the annual mean values; (ii) from the March values (winter ice loss); (iii) from September values (summer ice loss).
The Arctic sea ice extent used here is based on the “multi-product” approach as introduced in the second issue of the Ocean State Report (CMEMS OSR, 2017). Five global products have been used to build the ensemble mean, and its associated ensemble spread.
'''CONTEXT'''
Sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. This large blanket of millions of square kilometers insulates the relatively warm ocean waters from the cold polar atmosphere. The seasonal cycle of the sea ice, forming and melting with the polar seasons, impacts both human activities and biological habitat. Knowing how and how much the sea ice cover is changing is essential for monitoring the health of the Earth as sea ice is one of the highest sensitive natural environments. Variations in sea ice cover can induce changes in ocean stratification, in global and regional sea level rates and modify the key rule played by the cold poles in the Earth engine (IPCC, 2019).
The sea ice cover is monitored here in terms of sea ice extent quantity. More details and full scientific evaluations can be found in the CMEMS Ocean State Report (Samuelsen et al., 2016; Samuelsen et al., 2018).
'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''
Since the year 1993 the Arctic sea ice extent has decreased significantly at an annual rate of -0.75*106 km2 per decade. This represents an amount of –5.8 % per decade of Arctic sea ice extent loss over the period 1993 to 2018. Summer (September) sea ice extent loss amounts to -1.18*106 km2/decade (September values), which corresponds to -14.85% per decade. Winter (March) sea ice extent loss amounts to -0.57*106 km2/decade, which corresponds to -3.42% per decade. These values slightly exceed the estimates given in the AR5 IPCC assessment report (estimate up to the year 2012) as a consequence of continuing Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent loss. Main change in the mean seasonal cycle is characterized by less and less presence of sea ice during summertime with time. The last twelve years have the twelve lowest summer minimums ever measured since 1993, the summer 2012 still being the lowest minimum. 2019 follows the recent trend of the 2010's with a summer and winter well below the 1990-2000's average.
Note: The key findings will be updated annually in November, in line with OMI evolutions.
'''DOI (product):'''
Simple
- Title
-
Arctic Sea Ice Extent from Reanalysis
- Alternate title
-
ARCTIC_OMI_SI_extent
- Date (Creation)
- 2018-02-12
- Edition
-
3.4
- Edition date
- 2018-02-12
- Citation identifier
- f83328cb-f46e-4604-915e-704ad240902d
- Abstract
-
'''DEFINITION'''
Estimates of Arctic sea ice extent are obtained from the surface of oceans grid cells that have at least 15% sea ice concentration. These values are cumulated in the entire Northern Hemisphere (excluding ice lakes) and from 1993 up to the year 2019 aiming to:
i) obtain the Arctic sea ice extent as expressed in millions of km square (106 km2) to monitor both the large-scale variability and mean state and change.
ii) to monitor the change in sea ice extent as expressed in millions of km squared per decade (106 km2/decade), or in sea ice extent loss since the beginning of the time series as expressed in percent per decade (%/decade; reference period being the first date of the key figure b) dot-dashed trend line, Vaughan et al., 2013). These trends are calculated in three ways, i.e. (i) from the annual mean values; (ii) from the March values (winter ice loss); (iii) from September values (summer ice loss).
The Arctic sea ice extent used here is based on the “multi-product” approach as introduced in the second issue of the Ocean State Report (CMEMS OSR, 2017). Five global products have been used to build the ensemble mean, and its associated ensemble spread.
'''CONTEXT'''
Sea ice is frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface. This large blanket of millions of square kilometers insulates the relatively warm ocean waters from the cold polar atmosphere. The seasonal cycle of the sea ice, forming and melting with the polar seasons, impacts both human activities and biological habitat. Knowing how and how much the sea ice cover is changing is essential for monitoring the health of the Earth as sea ice is one of the highest sensitive natural environments. Variations in sea ice cover can induce changes in ocean stratification, in global and regional sea level rates and modify the key rule played by the cold poles in the Earth engine (IPCC, 2019).
The sea ice cover is monitored here in terms of sea ice extent quantity. More details and full scientific evaluations can be found in the CMEMS Ocean State Report (Samuelsen et al., 2016; Samuelsen et al., 2018).
'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS'''
Since the year 1993 the Arctic sea ice extent has decreased significantly at an annual rate of -0.75*106 km2 per decade. This represents an amount of –5.8 % per decade of Arctic sea ice extent loss over the period 1993 to 2018. Summer (September) sea ice extent loss amounts to -1.18*106 km2/decade (September values), which corresponds to -14.85% per decade. Winter (March) sea ice extent loss amounts to -0.57*106 km2/decade, which corresponds to -3.42% per decade. These values slightly exceed the estimates given in the AR5 IPCC assessment report (estimate up to the year 2012) as a consequence of continuing Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent loss. Main change in the mean seasonal cycle is characterized by less and less presence of sea ice during summertime with time. The last twelve years have the twelve lowest summer minimums ever measured since 1993, the summer 2012 still being the lowest minimum. 2019 follows the recent trend of the 2010's with a summer and winter well below the 1990-2000's average.
Note: The key findings will be updated annually in November, in line with OMI evolutions.
'''DOI (product):'''
- Credit
-
E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information
- Point of contact
-
Organisation name Individual name Electronic mail address Role GLO-MERCATOR-TOULOUSE-FR
Yann Drillet
Production center GLO-MERCATOR-TOULOUSE-FR
Karina Von Schuckmann
Product manager GLO-MERCATOR-TOULOUSE-FR
GLO Service Desk
Local service desk GLO-MERCATOR-TOULOUSE-FR
Renaud Dussurget
Production Unit MOI-OMI-SERVICE
MOI-OMI-SERVICE
Dissemination Unit
- Maintenance and update frequency
- Annually
- Other
-
P0M0D0H/P0M0D0H
- Maintenance note
-
N/A
-
GEMET - INSPIRE themes, version 1.0
- Use limitation
-
See Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Data commitments and licence at: http://marine.copernicus.eu/web/27-service-commitments-and-licence.php
- Access constraints
- Other restrictions
- Use constraints
- License
- Other legal constraints
-
No limitations on public access
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 4d81b3a6-ea6b-4ab0-8f5a-c1337e1169b3
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Document
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 7d07f5de-6143-48fa-90c5-a4010e1714ce
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Document
- Title
-
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. (2019). In H. O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, & N. M. Weyer (Eds.), IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Samuelsen et al., 2016: Sea Ice In: The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report, issue 1, Journal of Operational Oceanography, 9, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2016.1273446.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Samuelsen et al., 2018: Sea Ice. In: The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service Ocean State Report, issue 2, Journal of Operational Oceanography, 11:sup1, 2018, DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2018.1489208.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Title
-
Vaughan, D.G., J.C. Comiso, I. Allison, J. Carrasco, G. Kaser, R. Kwok, P. Mote, T. Murray, F. Paul, J. Ren, E. Rignot, O. Solomina, K. Steffen and T. Zhang, 2013: Observations: Cryosphere. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M.Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 317–382, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.012.
- Date (Creation)
- 2019-05-08
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Reference
- Aggregate Datasetindentifier
- 97c66d38-1d99-4fc3-beef-e0bf84c527c1
- Association Type
- Cross reference
- Initiative Type
- Document
- Language
-
eng
- Topic category
-
- Oceans
- Description
-
bounding box
- Begin date
- 1993-01-01
- End date
- 2019-12-31
Vertical extent
- Minimum value
- 0
- Maximum value
- 0.0
Vertical CRS
- Supplemental Information
-
display priority: 53700
- Reference system identifier
- EPSG / WGS 84 (EPSG:4326)
- Number of dimensions
- 2
- Dimension name
- Row
- Dimension name
- Column
- Cell geometry
- Area
- Transformation parameter availability
- Distribution format
-
Name Version NetCDF-4
- OnLine resource
-
Protocol Linkage Name WWW:STAC
https://stac.marine.copernicus.eu/metadata/ARCTIC_OMI_SI_extent/arctic_omi_si_extent_202207/dataset.stac.json arctic_omi_si_extent
- Hierarchy level
- Series
Conformance result
- Title
-
COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 1089/2010 of 23 November 2010 implementing Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards interoperability of spatial data sets and services
- Date (Publication)
- 2010-12-08
- Explanation
-
See the referenced specification
- Statement
-
The myOcean products depends on other products for production or validation. The detailed list of dependencies is given in ISO19115's aggregationInfo (ISO19139 Xpath = "gmd:MD_Metadata/gmd:identificationInfo/gmd:aggregationInfo[./gmd:MD_AggregateInformation/gmd:initiativeType/gmd:DS_InitiativeTypeCode/@codeListValue='upstream-validation' or 'upstream-production']")
- Attribute description
- observation
- Content type
- Physical measurement
- Descriptor
-
temporal resolution: monthly mean
- Descriptor
-
vertical level number: 0
- Included with dataset
- Feature types
- Point series
Metadata
- File identifier
- f83328cb-f46e-4604-915e-704ad240902d
- Metadata language
- English
- Character set
- UTF8
- Hierarchy level
- Series
- Hierarchy level name
-
Copernicus Marine Service product specification
- Date stamp
- 2024-03-22T13:12:05.743Z
- Metadata standard name
-
ISO 19139, MyOcean profile
- Metadata standard version
-
0.2
- Metadata author
-
Organisation name Individual name Electronic mail address Role CMEMS
Local service desk